Courtyards as passive climate buffers: Enhancing thermal comfort and preventive conservation in mediterranean climates

Abstract

This study examines the role of Mediterranean courtyards as passive systems for mitigating extreme climatic conditions while enhancing thermal comfort and preserving architectural heritage. Using the Courtyard of the Maidens in the Royal Alcázar of Seville as a case study, the research includes a three-year monitoring campaign (2020–2023) to collect ambient temperature and relative humidity data, assessing seasonal variations and the impact of heatwaves. Key findings demonstrate that the courtyard moderates extreme temperatures, reducing reliance on active cooling and heating systems, and contributes to improved comfort levels for users. Additionally, the study highlights the courtyard's role in minimising environmental stress on heritage materials, particularly its ability to maintain conditions favourable for the conservation of plasterwork and other decorative elements. The study underlines the importance of integrating passive architectural strategies, such as courtyards, into urban planning to promote sustainability and resilience in Mediterranean climates increasingly affected by climate change. It offers valuable insights into how historic architectural features can address contemporary environmental challenges. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.